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Interestingly, the results show that TEFs are more productive than HEFs in the command area. We show that there is no ‘head–tail’ syndrome in VISs when an adequate supply of water is made available to all three sub-locations of the command area. Primary data was collected from 460 rice farmers in the Kurunegala district in order to estimate technical efficiency in the three sub-locations of the command area: head-end fields (HEFs), middle fields (MFs) and tail-end fields (TEFs). This methodology provides a means of examining locational productive performance and its determinants. To do so, a stochastic production frontier analysis is utilised using a technical inefficiency model. In addition to testing this hypothesis, we also examine factors influencing inefficient rice production in different locations of the command area (cultivable land) within village irrigation systems (VISs). Importantly, such decisions can have an impact on productivity given that the literature indicates there is a negative relationship between rice yield and the distance of farms from the water source in irrigated agriculture. This system of water allocation becomes more problematic when water for cultivation becomes scarce. In this paper, we examine a traditional Sri Lankan water allocation system (known as Bethama) where farmers make collective decisions at the village level to determine the allocation of available reservoir water for the land that can be cultivated.

This is especially the case when there is a shortage of water. Allocating water among agricultural land is a complex issue.

Advantage of rice farming